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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 P1 F$ n& H6 u% mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical* u" I0 N9 i0 s& \) F8 S# G
Exposure to Testosterone6 {8 h; ]8 [" R! q
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% w6 U2 ?' S( i
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 ^. S1 j! i' u9 f" b8 B! ?7 V) s
Clinical Pediatrics8 W( B2 f0 T! Q  r
Volume 46 Number 6$ i! q) [2 w$ z2 D% H& r$ f+ ^
July 2007 540-543
% F/ `: k+ ~4 c4 I( T$ e) S4 l© 2007 Sage Publications, d/ r  P7 k+ \2 g% c' `
10.1177/0009922806296651
' K) Y1 q4 ~" Y3 O8 ~. Bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
+ Y; t5 c. M8 f1 U" O$ \; Shosted at
% a4 N" ~/ r1 I$ t2 }: b4 _0 t1 Zhttp://online.sagepub.com
" q* n+ ^; K% v! w! }Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- ^; `; ]' ]; h% m8 W. his a significant concern for physicians. Central5 U# E2 I4 H/ _) ]2 n
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 s5 Y& b, U: X. H. M4 D% r
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% |1 m4 W7 l) J9 \a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 Y% L9 n5 {# m' u/ ]lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 U5 X1 _! p2 R' K; J3 E0 I- S+ L% bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% g( A% J3 G) U0 E* j% c* g3 I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 i: s4 B7 U8 ?% O' a+ J2 i
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# v3 i7 B2 K2 oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 a2 l* E  W4 m5 o' a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 d6 ?* j$ k8 wment without testicular enlargement, which was due  L1 L& q( p1 m8 Y% ?. z" q* R
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" N3 M9 a+ k9 e
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% k' e! F+ z" V9 e: f0 q
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. j# g0 ~5 z) \+ ^& J% a3 L4 Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ O* J& ?& D# G' C) Q3 o- l% h) T; _- k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. c$ C% }" g2 a) p/ s! E" F! B2 B
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ ~& ?1 F. T3 V% z( o: bliterature.4& F7 R* J' @( W
Patient Report
# V3 b6 B/ S& N/ FA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 N5 _( e+ W  R
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% e4 |( N6 B5 @  i- C2 u
of early sexual development. His mother noticed3 {% C! Y/ j9 }* ^4 B' P
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 H, M* n. H6 z; e4 @3 C* D
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
2 m1 Q6 l6 Q$ A* iSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 |  ^3 |1 r# a! w% @4 m, P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- Q! m0 C8 h0 kProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# z' c5 p. b, K  B* b$ a1 r
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 A+ Y4 u  \. Ye-mail: [email protected].
- R4 }! a) R9 E4 z( U" R3 U+ sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# I: l; F( x$ q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 v0 i" v1 O5 h' T1 V. o) h& Sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 e1 W$ b6 n$ f# v
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% r4 D5 t0 F9 Y7 R6 ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 ]: [5 f5 p2 l  v) W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 M3 g9 H( G! n9 pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 b/ m6 J# n2 p. M/ {- \# Csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ t3 G  o$ ]8 ^0 I# n, Z3 Band his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 ^# i! J6 n) c% D6 _2 f8 {: ywas age appropriate.
. `7 X8 B0 d2 y+ E1 D' LThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 A/ y% M. ^: N+ R: h" zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,3 f8 k6 _  R7 b
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 B/ [( j' J1 k7 Y/ ~& r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& A2 h8 d* Y# _( m! I5 J, {, w4 V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ Z6 Q# W6 j* {, h7 v1 {6 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 x: d$ u, F  V
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 P4 @9 m" d$ T& _2 u2 t* Z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; x$ ^/ V: l; X% O" D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- K$ f; D' f+ s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 P3 G! L2 C- z9 R* htives. There were no siblings.
* t/ h" }: ~9 q6 k# }% RPhysical Examination
; |  u# H. X  c+ i, d6 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 w8 [; b3 e# v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 E* G* s" ^8 B0 ?a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, R' d1 s& }- k& ]  M
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 x# u* R/ b9 h' G! D/ Y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, n$ m8 R- A/ O, Z9 b. Y9 e1 `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% S1 w% j4 z! F! othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 ^" r  l/ }' t/ @# x0 R( \0 J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) y; n! C+ h' W4 A8 |" _* z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ {' a# S$ l1 y) r% R& x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 y3 h. Q$ n( c6 a& x7 b8 R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- z7 h5 L* ]7 P6 z5409 U7 D' p) Y: G" `$ U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! M' u  d5 Y# L
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; V) T% c5 i7 a5 e" g
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ Y  u+ N) Y; \$ I7 ]& e8 |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 p% W2 Q7 m( b% n& q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 k' i$ z0 @8 I$ c0 K8 [1 T2 \, D
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 a7 k7 Q7 y% R8 u4 u
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' m7 Q1 _3 Y$ u* e% h' K0 [+ U7 I' Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, S) [  j/ |( F8 V) Z4 pof papilledema.6 D2 X. s. b. @8 o& W' l5 z
Laboratory Evaluation
- v1 j, }3 B9 w4 y- N  jThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by) [9 z$ Y( a. e
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; J% T. t6 a6 P4 c  Q; I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% G) T7 m, |+ n  c; Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 e4 ~# M7 i, F! S- \7 \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 ^  N8 f& s# {2 m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; C' ?/ C1 f3 F4 e# ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 p( u5 z# {# F2 Y, Q0 Z
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! H  }+ A* s' {within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 W# `- ^1 [3 L% Oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
  X9 e" J/ ]0 D2 |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! }1 v7 _! \5 q) R9 f( [# X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! Y* {4 a4 d0 A- |# O* d3 J. e/ Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ N, ]7 \& M% h: I. \0 cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' [+ w. n% G8 D- G2 U7 K49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 Y: U& k% J8 b9 ^+ ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( r! ]% T2 ]! L/ E0 T& ktisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ V' F( |  R1 _/ X4 o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 R" d1 Q& G$ g' ?3 W) S3 sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: O! F4 y6 k% [3 }( `, ~/ L; J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" f8 p( N4 D3 X9 f. g0 r. Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" R0 Q# Q7 b' I0 I- Aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 r  @. w' n: Z9 Q
(prepubertal).
0 ]  P- w- u+ z0 s; U0 M4 JThe parents were notified about the laboratory& [. L, V) }4 E, ]6 p% r% f. x
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 Z9 `3 ~, W. B+ C# G1 N
normal except the testosterone level was high. The  ]8 i6 G2 w, s* D3 m$ L+ k. y# N5 V
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 K3 ?+ R  z  H: T  b
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; ?8 Z0 r6 F4 l6 H' g
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.$ w+ u& J( t. X% H8 }4 Q3 ]* x
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
; n$ A9 h' L# b% h; pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# X. ], w7 @" M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% A$ u" W# Z* U
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
8 i! J8 p8 G% k; x* |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. Q. o) S$ _4 r/ x
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( K+ z1 g, m6 r. m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; U* O' ]  U5 ~# eThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ S  p5 X, K3 U8 v/ M5 u
ing frequent erections." a  V3 |5 |# n: f5 e. z
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 ?8 y/ R0 f! ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- B, s7 ^5 {8 t6 Y! `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 Z  ]4 K  T5 ]3 ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 y3 U5 A6 n& I9 P2 n. B6 K2 n8 B
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, R; `5 G* m0 L. T( v  j! c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' \0 n' T0 B$ s9 N+ e; x6 i  L. w, V0 K
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 d! k3 d! n( ?" z" O7 _to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! O9 a$ k* C6 ~' [" D: Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. L" f6 b; _* A" l* h; i% Ksecondary to depression.
  I5 E! m! @4 J$ O8 qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.' I& N) W& P5 G0 a, S0 B9 q" I& m+ z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' K! p* J1 s* K4 R9 F: schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: V. n- W$ Y( a) S. C# \! s/ g- R
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; s2 M' Q  V" Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,  `1 s& b7 C( w! a1 ]+ K9 |2 F
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% [$ P7 y: d0 j. W& `+ J6 f" Bwas high, he then read the product information
5 G2 z- T" q& S4 F* e: E* }9 k4 ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" o# c0 Q7 t6 e8 l( f
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they  Y- W9 R6 i# j; J
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- l/ L3 W, q* `1 \0 \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! h5 H' u/ A2 |" Z- U# cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 x3 d; a/ H1 B6 ?# O: ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the1 A8 S* x* c1 b3 ]' t
laboratory to obtain the test.( z$ n" N; g5 N
Discussion, e& ?& o2 w% Z- r5 Q) u3 a  r5 b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 R  ]4 a- Y2 `- U5 I6 v5 \' Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ b# ?6 t" }4 ~4 ]6 {% uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 F/ [3 x- Z$ a- ~. lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  }( K# t! C! L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! F/ e9 y8 X, Q2 t  F5 Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" b% K/ z5 e9 d9 B8 C/ U2 umay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 ], n0 j% K# W3 X/ ?4 |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 Z5 E/ h! x5 i# j4 u0 \/ X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 ~2 h( p- ~- S0 F* vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# F9 K% Y0 F8 D) yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ z7 t2 I) T8 t+ Tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ Q* f) Q# B1 `# p( L8 qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 F* Z. A; W& f9 [# [4 |9 X; `9 r6 f
gonadotropins.1,33 I4 ^) e/ Z, N7 T+ W7 v
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! t1 G$ N# I) z  X$ ?+ lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 a5 [) W" F+ _8 t& s" W- W9 Fandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or: t. g9 S/ B- b
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* q& |+ s* C; }2 S7 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
; B/ v  J: c& p$ j3 acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- w7 v! b3 O4 J, j: s; B  g8 K
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 m2 ?3 x( l: f, n% e- \
puberty in boys.3,48 @: ?8 s  F2 _1 t& t/ g6 X* r% O
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 @- U( P" @9 W8 b9 q7 |: Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" ]- R9 C- {+ ~8 W) wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 y3 S8 m, S4 s0 W" d% c; hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,$ x0 @1 s  \; [9 N" J+ |8 \3 D
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% p9 \4 k  F$ ]excess.1,3
7 b: f( f& H% rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ p! h, o; b! V; m" a" J0 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 {+ u# g, R9 m! G: B9 N
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! m# {/ o3 U/ oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
) D% [7 w  }3 C7 C$ Cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& L) S  s) J( k4 |5 Z+ a% ~( }
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# d% X3 l) M' V3 h1 K2 Bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 ]; D* ~3 S6 C) g: ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 T% q! I2 A  U/ J3 K- \6 b9 ~. ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 r0 C5 d; G2 }! s# ^+ V* Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ D6 q( b% X4 q# \, |/ b% c5 n( Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 T; _1 v8 Y# |0 M, \% f0 b6 hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ F1 x9 x* D7 m6 u; E) S6 [( ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only% c; r% A, ^! c, ]) y) _3 w! F
males; therefore, other male members of the family
, [/ o' d( \1 [4 v; p0 t$ W/ ?may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 |* z* z% ~& `5 S: HIn our patient, physical examination was incon-8 v# B) ~9 O: M! q8 R
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; U6 r6 j4 L* h# r3 Q+ gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 c0 E5 B) Z! b& K7 ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father7 m2 Q) k# {' V6 N! t3 ]5 D9 a% T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 h# a) G# C' O5 x
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# ~* k3 b, B' |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 }- x: \8 Y. Q8 K0 L
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ K3 K2 b$ P- i0 P; hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ T+ r; y8 l# |3 U3 a& }5 Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 n& a7 p. n+ T6 I, b" udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 a2 E2 u: ]( O) `3 T8 }/ F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( o; m8 U/ o- y9 c
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 ]# y1 ~0 S6 \8 h/ J0 I' @" Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  X9 p1 d) v( O; wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  Y4 C6 t2 [6 a9 i! apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 A- X  k. L0 o: ]; X; R. l0 ]
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" O# I0 Q8 ^% D; U0 Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, \' N4 o1 I' y/ J- R( g* L) Uusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- w3 A( H2 i% V0 X
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 I8 i6 @8 w/ X8 K5 [# h: N
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  y2 |+ P& H( \4 ]  y* L' \' m6 l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 h, K7 O. ^0 rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ [9 w  ]" p. K/ V7 X$ sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& W7 t" ^2 ~7 n+ ~- Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% B  ^5 r/ A7 j; y9 X0 k$ `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! z+ g) n' E4 O7 x* K
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 X+ h7 G" O( h9 Z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, K' U4 ^) N: cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% h, l/ @6 ~8 V+ O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 ^. v5 d5 s* N, u, V/ d/ x/ Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 l, ]2 S0 S# q7 \) h) i! X
active in young children exposed to testosterone
; ^! v7 }6 v8 m5 K7 mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( ^: f8 M& f3 s! g3 w( z1 b3 S/ C: m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 C8 w  S2 n6 Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" F/ g& {+ s4 R" O) W9 [children results in an increase in growth velocity and
% @, A* G. {7 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# u. Y. M+ r  Z5 q: x; y7 n/ gThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! t2 c. g: h  r! J6 j) eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
5 g- B3 I! u9 j& Z7 ]) I) \adult height are not fully known and always remain
! x9 Y: W& Q$ y$ E" ~+ Ma concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; j5 J, {8 f" Q+ e2 C7 T
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 ]/ k3 `5 D  l! |' \# ^
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 A9 Z% o4 t9 Y' q' Q, h' D* Ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# ^: W, J, t( x5 K( ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9% y4 B7 T$ g  K: T8 q5 U1 H
There are conflicting reports and controversy4 J; s8 R1 G0 f6 K) X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- C9 l. B' f8 v- j
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" x+ l  [6 n! oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( [3 ^( m( E/ w# G: c1 s  |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
! y" D" e# r' W5 p  sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 C! p2 L% D" S5 W6 W3 O0 n8 a
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 {0 X7 v1 k( U# @5 X, X& openile length in clinical studies.
  \' M4 w9 |# G" j1 p" T6 p' ENonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ \4 r. N) p, K- U* W/ q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ W# u  P0 c$ H# b: X6 Wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" J; t# Z6 m$ qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 c# F* y8 A0 A# k+ N6 }0 Z& r- m
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 Y8 g3 F) w$ ^; e4 wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# j0 m+ H/ A; s- U7 M3 Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  P' i+ v. I/ f" v4 q" N
height will not be affected.
  N/ B' l  I. TAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-' a5 |+ c  n1 g: @& \6 u. ^- Y3 l
ability of androgen products in our society may
; p+ i& p' U+ i  _: m( Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% A/ r9 \: M$ L. p) G& }# [7 Kchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' O# A6 {5 R7 ~* m% M3 _2 X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" ^+ w; \0 M# m1 [/ D" U3 _+ u
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! z3 h+ J% I# H8 ^  f$ G$ [* V/ ~# ^+ V
gel should be asked of the family members during
  \, j' G; O% j5 ]* k4 m5 m2 Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. o2 L% r4 w' x7 h( f; B! m4 H0 gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 Q& Y7 x, s& I7 D+ N" U. \nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 W" O: f! [& O0 L* Z$ m% K& wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' Z2 n4 J% G% H" f; G# v- {9 x
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" t/ D* V2 Z7 e9 r9 [% P9 Kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ M4 ]8 Y9 g% {1 ?  y, Rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ C. J. \& o% w& b1 @
aware of this fact, because most of these children) T: P5 c/ C5 ^' }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 A4 U5 `6 w, N# {7 U% B8 O
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 f% o6 M7 V9 `, _1 r/ D+ e3 Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; z& V- t5 n1 B  H+ l0 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-! h' S! ]: e* u3 K2 g; R- J$ e9 I
one using any of these products.
. Y, a- ?) ?! Z; N! k! ]9 U& |( WReferences6 P) Y8 p4 C+ f; s$ |: f2 U8 v& A/ P
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  L( n- i7 y& |- j) P' e
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 X% X" C/ C" `. J0 j9 {& `Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 x; w5 V( _" L9 u5 d1 M
2002: 565-628.
5 k/ h( J! C6 h2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* d2 Y7 c5 S1 A3 P
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* W" V" S) {8 W
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& l" R$ s# x0 A& a
Exposure to Testosterone7 @; Y0 V- `8 d+ H+ m8 w" G3 {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- u7 `( J2 ^' a. Q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ _8 Z2 _1 Y$ f1 I- L# vClinical Pediatrics
+ e4 H2 _$ {$ U, Z/ D9 LVolume 46 Number 6. J) _8 a9 q6 j/ x" F
July 2007 540-543
; D6 W* r+ d  q- L  b- v& n© 2007 Sage Publications
9 _5 F- |  O+ z0 s10.1177/0009922806296651
1 ^6 E# v$ q" o6 a1 ]3 B1 lhttp://clp.sagepub.com, S3 p# z4 j6 A0 n5 ^
hosted at
/ f4 N+ P  e1 c, r# i' B  Uhttp://online.sagepub.com% F! \/ R+ O" h) X7 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# ~6 ]; f) ]5 v. V3 Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 H$ E) a& f* Xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 f4 s$ r, r. H* @4 R4 Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- S1 S1 ?- z$ da higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 Q# K7 P1 h: ?+ h* y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 K' E  P1 V. D* K+ J& K
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: @9 S$ U' I6 B% E& ]
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 p( l. j- {  w3 h" q6 u& J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 c6 C5 B0 x) l" a) X$ Z6 Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, ]2 m; C5 X, ], Eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, p5 v8 Q4 \9 @' n" [ment without testicular enlargement, which was due  h6 Y% @/ S. q9 q/ A' i5 O1 w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ _% z* X/ b5 t! Q! B4 t8 ]* w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 S- t3 ?% h/ m' p. I; n
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. n3 L, s' f' \; E( `child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* M. q# Q* Y5 q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 \4 Y! A5 B8 \bly more common than the rare case report in the7 A( {: j& B! q( `% D
literature.4
0 ~  c7 K! o+ ~5 _3 \4 {2 wPatient Report
/ q# r: M- ]' a0 e+ PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ H; I9 M+ z( dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 f; L  I! U, Q5 Y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% ?" ^" n/ B' ~. i+ t2 vlight colored pubic hair development when he was$ m: d3 i3 O/ |. Y$ {8 z/ ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 V2 D% a4 {7 O
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ s3 b* ~- O8 T' K0 pAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 ]- K1 i1 s& Q; e% A$ g: P# x* aProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ W$ ]1 ?2 W3 d  Z  L# W7 k/ tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 d; {0 D& [$ c
e-mail: [email protected].% j5 T& Y" H5 Y/ I- d& g
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 j  q( h) c- f6 k( Udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 E$ j2 q, K2 J/ z% i5 M: K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 C. Y: D$ T9 C5 L! ?: X2 E1 ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 d  g5 {; b% j6 f: l! N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' c; r5 }  ^2 K& J: V' ?7 H% L7 l) I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( X5 A5 c2 Y; x# V: U* B5 R6 d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  U1 F" w9 T3 }; R; l! g. ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 h' @- ?3 x9 o' B6 band his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 C8 `/ S3 \) R1 }( C& m. `6 b; Cwas age appropriate.
# \9 U3 u/ w6 ?+ k4 ?The family history was remarkable for the father,. J1 [) R) ~- L% P
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# P4 l$ B* k1 X% U7 e8 [4 [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ \$ ~1 G9 g/ S) L" d5 iheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 ~7 E2 t! s8 n& @* A& U/ Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 P. i+ B8 k3 M* A: e. {The father denied taking any other medication. The8 w5 v7 D; m" m: K+ _/ M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" g$ r+ {# p) q) c) c
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 j; ^& w- m  x( Z+ O9 D( _. F. M
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* g/ p$ m2 G1 E6 s- `* A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 _! K/ Y! ~, n* z0 {tives. There were no siblings.
. x5 ^' }+ H* I0 vPhysical Examination
8 Z& x4 d3 ?2 Z! O3 O) LThe physical examination revealed a very active,, m5 V' c7 v8 g2 h- l( R
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 _/ \) n. f/ Y/ Ia blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 I2 @# I' e' y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- f, N6 b, P( g; m* u3 D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth$ S  L# S9 l1 C8 }6 m/ T
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 ?" T3 Y1 x. m' s/ ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. S: ~7 }1 m7 \* y+ g. DThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for" y+ L: z& t5 H: o3 J4 d! L4 W
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# ?2 u) M$ ~' m* _9 v- y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: B1 s2 `* ]" E& u+ Vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- n0 @- k4 [1 J" m$ J' K& Y6 P1 |: J
5409 l; R9 l/ Z- m( b5 d8 d% m" e
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0 d- o5 g3 z: Y( i$ r3 d, @the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; V; Q3 ]6 q% R% g& @4 y+ l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; ]- r; s1 x* m0 s2 x" C* u7 O( O& g+ M0 QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 R: W- p" u# `4 k1 Moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ l( q3 ~& g) G6 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' v8 G# f2 Q6 g: a3 L2 p7 kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% E9 |5 N0 F3 M" g4 ]8 o1 I4 F5 Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ U$ q3 l# y$ w4 x
of papilledema.( Z4 }7 I' C  X
Laboratory Evaluation0 S  N! f9 C: x- {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" w3 h# d3 m. a2 Y% f1 x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 ^% G+ X& }+ R; D+ c/ }
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 j  f3 R. G; E6 W4 N' a/ y& t' g& B
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; f: J" E. v; z2 K- E* L  u
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' O0 O' k( N6 X+ o9 f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* U/ q. G1 ?/ s$ M- PThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& P9 c2 S" A- O- R) t7 M, O$ `& T- M
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 k3 f' S" A/ U, mwithin normal range for his age. The concentration& O5 [1 J3 E$ f+ D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- w2 t+ U0 s! l  r5 x6 F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! u+ o# e" F' T5 n3 a% H! K8 \9 I8 j
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ T* H  j$ E* h3 Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 [: K& {( p4 o7 u: X$ [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' o$ H+ q% G/ c1 F8 f: v7 i- X. k* q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
/ D$ A% i1 o8 D  dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: e" T7 e# t% g$ A6 t% d- I; L3 J  W
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 R& G1 ?4 ?( U+ @3 j& E2 H3 Vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 D6 \! y' g* ~7 C- d( x! r6 g
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! t4 s. J5 a- S. h% f1 G* a
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) I) x: L% g, M" sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" b/ E( N+ r, {( {' H: Y% |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 e) \& k5 }4 r! D) w+ c" Z' c; o% L(prepubertal).6 n4 ~+ ?& {+ I
The parents were notified about the laboratory; w- c* {7 u1 t4 s0 G
results and were informed that all of the tests were% h8 X4 s6 K6 G+ E$ A  J- a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) O/ y% u2 a9 L6 F
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 A* R; h, Y( M7 ]- k6 @
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, L& d- s1 `9 _( dever, the family did not return for 4 months., T, `4 N. C1 S% j- p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the  o. \! C" ~2 [  x
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 Q0 {; K* E' ^) m& m
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# f' N* V' U" x- a' }. w! Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 ]5 A% h# |6 T1 u) M! opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  [6 L3 l+ B$ e7 z: k/ \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  {* d: {. Z6 k! B2 n8 c' {mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( E1 ]; G8 D" @9 I' t
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 F% y# w4 ~* D  z8 Aing frequent erections.* D; c: H* n, L0 c: F: K" [
Both parents were again questioned about use of! E  F. v. d# }; {9 C2 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# n' O1 @& }. l$ s, m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" ?- C" j5 \8 o' \9 |Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; x2 W6 G1 B# r2 k) \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 J. \" V) V" z1 m/ ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* a6 u; y8 }  s& k0 a" M- m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  ^. R+ z1 [# Y# q" fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* T% `* Q! c+ C  j4 T: ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! X5 q2 s( t* ?8 P- \secondary to depression.
- S$ m( H( S, v0 u0 p5 P- W5 {; _: O6 nThe child slept in the same bed with parents.  b1 Q, D; L% R' O& C0 h- d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. n+ V9 z4 b  j+ a" pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-4 V. H% b1 _) w' x, L  K4 Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. p1 k% }' s3 v' q( M! G: G$ _The father also admitted that after the phone call,' `" q  ?8 p7 }
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& q% ^0 ]8 s5 P* m( bwas high, he then read the product information- J5 j/ A. t7 m/ k$ P
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' v" v9 a9 |3 T( R( E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! x" w, g$ \: h7 _( ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) K4 D0 a( t3 l
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had' m# h4 e, z$ Q  J/ i5 y8 g
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" A- `* Y7 D: M0 U& D- k# ^
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 n* L5 F7 l5 ]$ H) xlaboratory to obtain the test.
# `3 k% O& f+ X* vDiscussion- A! x1 V' L0 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 p$ L- G$ d* N+ z% P+ A& t- P! wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: _5 m) S: r- R. d' K, ^" k
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' I  C3 S( q0 W& U6 k
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 h6 a" u0 P* L) P, i# N2 |- L; Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 L5 c( T8 u) T4 p
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 w- _  c, b0 Y* Bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 X: s$ F5 V3 s( T4 z2 r: o) Xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" B4 Y. `4 F/ |7 `  d0 l( |
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ m) T, B7 H0 M6 H0 N1 Y: ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, G6 q* S. q, b2 a) x+ Dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ G) V" N6 V" I9 I% a" Y$ q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* Y4 H0 X0 _' n! i6 M; \' @+ Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
; _1 |3 g) M; {9 U8 fgonadotropins.1,3
7 [' e0 `" w( j$ ?( hGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- ]+ b9 }% B/ r4 F* l  ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& x) L, Z$ G) l' z7 P1 t
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, J3 B# J% e. |7 t$ j
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 m" c5 o! T8 L, V1 I/ X
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: J) a( w/ m+ A: [- ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 _5 K! e# Y% p4 g  U. d* Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 H- E  O) p) x( A- [' X" tpuberty in boys.3,4' _! B& R! L! N1 b
The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 ~+ B' h6 }( D, P0 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 u( E1 k8 u8 @( {6 D3 nThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: @) K( `  J5 d6 D3 ^- `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# ?, }$ _) m( g: n$ ^. z
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' s- \" K' k( k7 m6 b6 O5 t
excess.1,31 u% O+ G" Q* o- G
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  l3 c- f+ i  k4 X# a542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( M* @: J$ S4 p% P. EA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& Z  U, H  ~, z1 K2 M2 x
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
' ]  [* |! h; c  J/ Zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 \( {% `4 R7 s. L- x* d0 fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 r6 v: v* S. D+ v! c6 L, ^2 R7 swith this disorder are full pubertal development,; H! z: ^. U7 Z1 y! f0 L
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 S7 a! }; B& @9 Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 Q9 D9 h0 _; p- g* D1 b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 ?0 z4 V  d* C% ?1 C+ m: r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) `$ V; n! T1 [$ E
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ ]# V5 t8 c' w5 Zautosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 n. Q( f4 C) x% P
males; therefore, other male members of the family) f4 w3 V. b7 ^2 O1 z( L% w
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) s# e9 M( [  _: F. rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 V% n. G: i' L# d3 e9 ^. ysistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 t, a1 b0 D* c8 ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  n2 O, L  l) y0 B" F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- @: {$ t" q( [* C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 M7 L0 K, O- s" Z0 |+ stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" C' w. l7 f1 z9 R; G) B; f! t- [' Lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 w: J7 M+ h. j2 ~' H. F' V
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) G% d8 H: l$ [5 Z9 A: abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 m' E7 y4 e) a1 t  y
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 ?( V+ v3 U# S. Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 L% o0 \7 Y5 U2 ]2 m6 D" Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 B" M7 o+ W( K& b# q. @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 A- B' E) [- Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  S$ j7 \& R6 Ithe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# K2 f. w1 T& Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ @% n2 ~" |1 ~2 g2 _
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& s. y# _, Q$ nterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( b. A& s3 T" H3 {; i. Y- y# Gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, S1 n1 J* C! ~$ \' k/ R1 v" O, Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  \2 G4 z! Q2 Y/ X, m+ ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 r) B, v2 z7 G: Q4 |1 B6 X" |% Wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: \, @( f, Z8 X: cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 N6 a* _& d' J* C: R
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) U4 P8 k( r+ r  l7 _- U, l
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; Q5 G9 m3 g: U3 @+ @
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ ^: ?( {& d3 h* ^tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 ?- ^2 v4 R1 `% E% iOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- k3 r9 ?/ }- Y* v( p, `
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' ~; D4 `6 n5 t
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 G( {4 j* p) s& V5 @; Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# _2 {0 a! d- p" S
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 x/ ~- Q& E/ d+ C$ h0 b
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ {+ O7 k3 ]5 Cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' r- ~* Q1 {0 w7 o# D: H. |* I0 W% ?
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) h! \: a. ~$ K) P' Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
. ^4 K# `2 E% Y$ j5 K+ ]1 @4 A$ xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& c" e& R. N9 a% g* ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ _, v$ Q# `4 D* b5 Xearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ Q& Y5 z4 g0 q0 A: @( O% A& Dadult height are not fully known and always remain
- T4 Q0 W9 L3 ~* b) {3 |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 ]( V( M% O4 B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& N. H8 l5 R( t3 R9 @. Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" R3 n$ j2 R9 g. o- {" V, T
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
$ A0 ^$ B( ]7 fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 b: J& [5 r, u6 Z: K" a
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# I7 Y% Q$ x) G# pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: `4 u2 ^  i# ^6 s9 h
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 M, Z2 C; \! sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 h. O5 F1 V5 k% P! c! mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' \# V  o/ ?) K& |Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 u& o; q1 {$ K$ |
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) I7 Y+ I; C7 v; C) q) m1 m* \  ipenile length in clinical studies.5 k% {, t' Q& M4 H4 i
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 ]! x" c; b' }$ p, `5 ^/ u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 A9 u! w% \* l9 j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* n) X9 s, ~, W$ M6 p0 {4 j7 V
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; W' D" @) e8 q3 U6 C( H7 S0 `: r# {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
- D- M; T8 r- J; ^2 Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
& A+ T- c- i3 ]) lthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 l( B+ h7 f7 D' h# W4 j& l
height will not be affected.
7 q! ^* ]3 d) G) {1 @/ @8 p, kAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 [% o3 y3 {% S+ E9 V: y- Xability of androgen products in our society may! ^  U$ l6 u3 f( S
indeed cause more virilization in male or female5 b: K5 ^$ t6 v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 _) H) F9 K% i4 o7 W1 q4 x' H4 ogen products must be considered and specific ques-$ s" y" R5 O! D& o9 g5 w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' i2 e' z6 t: C5 ?- Vgel should be asked of the family members during
0 C% o5 Q0 v8 J, O- }9 Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 Q; R% n/ J8 ^+ S: _0 N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ s* f  K/ x7 Q% W3 Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- @( `3 ]2 [: Z# o2 A+ R
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ j& e* I- r/ r1 f9 k) _- o- k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 p) l4 D/ E, S3 R1 ], g) vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
& ~8 p* a2 s& Z% a9 finvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 O+ |( X! @) U; G' B& h- y$ t4 N9 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 o! s) r3 \0 e9 C  }4 @$ jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) }7 u- x  Q5 p' J! uDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ W/ ]( ~1 l2 _8 Hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 l! j1 l2 ^* j+ X. a* n: r  Ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
; \% ~6 a! @' s$ ione using any of these products.
% O5 b* [7 o0 m' e' @- z! gReferences3 y6 o8 S: V: }- N, a
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 v1 v/ L8 V) z- ^* Z6 U; xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 d3 d. X. |( F  ~" @2 J
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 W1 T+ I, ]( _' E2002: 565-628.
$ L: q- i. }6 X  A2 _' N! t  ?! R2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& s; A/ v+ l0 ?6 |* b" q( b2 h
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ P' E( Q' j( ~$ _3 ]) l
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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